The Pittsburgh Agreement at 90
Before inscribing his name on a document that would become the cornerstone of an independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, soon-to-be President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk traveled far from home. Cautious of the volatile political atmosphere in the Czech and Slovak lands at the conclusion of World War I, Masaryk and his colleagues arranged to meet in a location known for its high concentration of free-thinking compatriots: the U.S. city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Signed by the representatives of Czech and Slovak immigrant organizations in the United States, the so-called Pittsburgh Agreement marked the first significant Slovak initiative to join the Czechs in their struggle to form a joint state and break away from Austria-Hungary.To commemorate the 90th anniversary of the May 1918 signing, Slovak officials are now showcasing the document in that country’s National Museum until autumn, when it will come to Prague.With a length of only six sentences, the Pittsburgh Agreement — which built on the framework of a similar agreement signed in Cleveland in 1915 — was not an ambitious treaty. “The agreement itself is vague,” said Zdeněk Zbořil, a political scientist at the Institute for International Relations in Prague. Its main purpose, he added, was to provide the international community with proof that a joint Czech and Slovak initiative to establish a sovereign nation existed. As the local independence movement thrived, the United States provided those promoting Czechoslovak sovereignty with greater free-speech rights than the disintegrating Austro-Hungarian Empire. “The immigrant community in America had the freedom to express its national demands,” Zbořil said. In addition to providing a safe zone for the declaration, signing the treaty in Pittsburgh symbolized the United States’ support of Czech and Slovak independence. “From the beginning, Masaryk decided that the question of Czechoslovak sovereignty should be an international issue,” Zbořil said. “American support meant opposition to Austria-Hungary.”While largely withdrawn from post-World War I development in Europe, the U.S. government hammered a “nail in Austria-Hungary’s coffin” through President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points. “The Points contained a detailed plan for Austria-Hungary and included a theory that its regions should have a right to self-determination,” Zbořil said. “This was fatal for Austria-Hungary, which had been a multi-ethnic state.”When defining the Pittsburgh Agreement, current politicians such as Slovak Parliament Chairman Pavol Paška tend to emphasize the United States’ role in the formation of Czechoslovakia.“History proves that we have always known how to fight for freedom and democracy and that we have something to be proud of,” Paška said while presenting the document to the Slovak Parliament May 30. “Ninety years ago, Slovak-Americans were the strongest pillar of Slovak national interests.”Through this interpretation, the agreement promotes the agendas of pro-Western policymakers in Slovakia and here, namely Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek, Zbořil said. “This paternalistic approach tries to capitalize on the fact that Czechoslovakia was formed under the patronage of the United States,” he added. “However, it completely disregards the existence of a domestic independence movement, which was much stronger.” Therefore, it was not the Pittsburgh Agreement — which ultimately represented the interests of several thousand Czech and Slovak immigrants — but this domestic initiative that accomplished the final “revolution,” according to Zbořil.Dreams of democracyBy promising to found a “republic with a democratic constitution,” the Pittsburgh Agreement embodied Masaryk’s vision to found a state based on the principle of “the American dream of democracy,” Zbořil said.“Masaryk’s dedication to American-style democracy was important,” he added. “At the time, he knew that establishing such a system here would be difficult, so it was essential to know how to translate these principles into the Czech domain.”While the idea of a sovereign nation had lurked in the Czech consciousness for centuries, Slovak independence was in 1918 a relatively novel concept. “We have to look at the differences in nationalist thought,” Zbořil said. “As Czech thinkers pondered the question of state and statehood, Slovakia was battling for its language rights — they didn’t even have official grammar at the time.”Historically, Slovakia was the “Upper Land” of Hungary, although inhabitants had managed to maintain a separate Slovak language and culture. At the onset of World War I, a wave of nationalism that threatened to dissipate this fragile autonomy swept through Hungary. “It resulted in an oppressive, nationalist atmosphere that encouraged Slovaks to join the Czech effort to found an independent state,” said Zbořil.As the strongest manifestation of the idea of Slovak statehood, the Pittsburgh Agreement plays a more vital role for Slovaks than for Czechs, he added. In the years following its signing, the initially celebrated treaty became a point of conflict between the “Czechoslovakists” who advocated a unified government and Slovak politicians pushing for a federalized system, Zbořil said.While pushed aside amid the supranational political philosophy of communism, this rift would resurface throughout Czechoslovakia’s existence, eventually causing its “Velvet Divorce” in 1993.
Source:
The Praque Post.
